The word "disparate impact" refers to the outcome of applying a standard, rule, test, or other selection instruments that, although seeming neutral, has a detrimental effect on persons who belong to a constitutionally protected class. It might have either a beneficial or harmful impact. Because of the efforts of the United States Congress, anti-discrimination statutes in the United States, such as those dealing with civil rights, education, housing, and employment, have all been revised to incorporate concepts of disparate effect.